We continue (and finish) the proof started in the previous post of the second inequality.
3. Construction of
So, here’s the situation. We have a cyclic extension of degree
, a prime number, and
contains the
-th roots of unity. In particular, we can write (by Kummer theory)
for
a subgroup of
such that
, in particular
can be taken to be generated by one element
.
We are going to prove that the norm index of the ideles is at most . Then, by the reductions made earlier, we will have proved the second inequality.
3.1. Setting the stage
Now take a huge but finite set of primes such that:
1.
2. is an
-unit
3. contains all the primes dividing
4. contains the ramified primes We will now find a bigger extension of
whose degree is a prime power. We consider the tower
for
the
-units. We have the extension
whose degree we can easily compute; it is
because is up to roots of unity a free abelian group of rank
, and the units are a cyclic group of order divisible by
(since
contains the
-th roots of unity). In particular,
. The extension
is only of an auxiliary nature in constructing the group
.
3.2. First attempt
We will now describe a lower bound on the norm subgroup of . Then, we will modify this to get a lower bound on the norm subgroup of
. It is easy to see that
Indeed, is unramified outside
because we are adjoining
-th roots of a
-unit
: the equation
has no multiple root when reduced modulo a place not in
. Also,
so
-th powers are norms.
3.3. , at last
This is too small a group for our , though. For it, we will need more than the
‘s outside
. This we tackle next; we shall use the extension
to obtain places where
splits completely. So, choose places
of
whose Frobenius elements
form a basis for the Galois group
. We can do this by surjectivity of the Artin map into
. Note that
is a
-vector space, and this is what I mean by a basis. These places form a set
. This will be important in constructing the set
. Now, I claim that the group
contains the norms . Indeed, this is clear for the factors
(indeed, we are working with an extension of degree
). I claim now that the places
split completely in
, which would mean that the
are local norms from
too. Let
be places of
extending
. Then
, and this is a cyclic extension, since these are local fields and the extension
is unramified. The extension
has order
because the Frobenius element is nonzero, whence
or otherwise we could not have a cyclic group
since
is prime. Finally, it is clear that
is contained in the norm group.
4. The index of
We will show that
which will prove the result, because we know that contains the norm subgroup. Now we have
, so by the general formula (ADD THIS)
Indeed, there is a general formula, proven by a bit of diagram chasing:
for subgroups of the abelian group
.
4.1. Computation of the first index
This is the easiest. We just have
because by the product formula. The second index, by contrast, will be considerably more subtle; we don’t have an obvious expression for
.
4.2. The second index
The point is that we will develop a nice expression for ; namely we will show that it is equal to
. By the unit theorem, this clearly implies that
This will, in particular, yield the global bound for the norm index and prove the second inequality.
This is a bit tricky, and will use the first inequality. First, let’s suppose ; the key is to prove that
or that
is. actually an
-th power. We see this supposed equality of fields is true locally at the primes in
because
is an
-th power there. Also,
is unramified outside
, so it follows that
Call the group on the right . I claim that
. This will follow from the next
Lemma 4 The map
is surjective.
Indeed, once we have proved this lemma, the claim follows easily, because any idele class, we can find a representative idele in
. This would be in
except for the fact that it may not be an
-th power at
. But by multiplying by some
-unit, we can arrange this.
Thus , implying
is an
-th power, and completing the claim that
—but for the lemma. So it all boils down to proving this lemma.
4.3. The last technical step
We must now prove this lemma. But it is—how fitting—another index computation! Consider the kernel of the map out of
. We will obtain a clean description of it. Then we will show that the image of
has the same cardinality as the product
.
Namely, suppose is a
-unit and a power at the primes of
; I claim then that
is an
-th power in
. For
is then fixed by
(because
is in the appropriate local fields corresponding to
), and these
‘s generate
. Conversely, suppose
; then
is an
-th power at the primes of
(because they split completely in
), and an
-unit, so it belongs to the kernel. We have obtained our description of
.
In particular, the kernel consists of
, and we have
by Kummer theory. We have computed the index of .
Meanwhile the cardinality of is
in view of the power index computations for the units. So we must have surjectivity, which proves the lemma.
The proof of the second inequality is thus complete.
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