We shall now consider a number field and an abelian extension
. Let
be a finite set of primes (nonarchimedean valuations) of
containing the ramified primes, and consider the group
of fractional ideals prime to the elements of
. This is a free abelian group on the primes not in
. We shall define a map, called the Artin map from
.
1. How does this work?
Specifically, let be a prime in
. There is a prime
of
lying above it. If
are the rings of integers in
, respectively, then we have a field extension
. As is well-known, there is a surjective homomoprhism of the decomposition group
of
onto
whose kernel, called the inertia group, is of degree
.
But, we know that the extension is cyclic, because these are finite fields. The Galois group is generated by a canonically determined Frobenius element which sends
. We can lift this to an element
of
, still called the Frobenius element.
First of all, does not depend on the choice of lifting to
—indeed, the ramification index is one, so
is even an isomorphism. Moreover,
is independent of
, because any two decomposition groups are conjugate (since any two primes of
lying over the same prime of
are conjugate), and we are working with an abelian extension. It follows similarly that
is independent of the extension
.
By multiplicativity, we get a homomorphism . This is called the Artin map. We write
to denote the image of the fractional ideal
(prime to
). Eventually, we will define this as a map on the ideles, and this is how we will get the isomorphism of class field theory.
2. Basic properties
There are a few easy properties of it that we may note.
First of all, suppose is a tower with
abelian. If
is an ideal prime to the primes ramified in
, then we have
. To see this, we may assume
, a prime ideal. Then this is because both induce the Frobenius automorphism on the extension of residue fields and lie in appropriate decomposition groups (formally, take
of
extending
and
extending
, and look at the actions of these on the residue class fields of the rings of integers in
quotiented by
—it is the same).
Next, suppose we have an abelian extension and a finite extension
. Then
is an abelian extension too and the Galois group is a subgroup of
. Moreover, I claim that we have
. So the Artin map behaves specially with respect to the norm. To see this, we need only check on prime ideals
of
(whose restriction
to
is unramified in
). Then
induces the map
on the residue fields. By contrast,
for
the residue class field degree and
induces the map
on the residue class fields. But
, so we are done.
In particular, the following important fact follows: when
is an ideal of
(not divisible by the ramified primes).
3. The Artin map is surjective
This is the primary thing we shall prove today, and it is far from trivial. In fact, it will use the first inequality.
So, let be a finite set of primes containing the ones ramified in a finite abelian extension
. Consider the subgroup
of
generated by the Frobenius elements
. Then the fixed field
of this satisfies the following:
is Galois, with group
.
I claim now that the primes all split completely in
. Indeed, they are unramified by assumption. In addition, the residue class field extension must be trivial. When
, we have by consistency
, because
fixes
. But
induces on the residue class field extension the Frobenius, which must be the identity; thus
satisfies
for
. Thus all these primes split completely.
So, we now prove:
Theorem 1 Let
be an abelian extension. Then if all but finitely many primes of
split completely in
, we have
.
First, since splitting completely is defined by , it is preserved by subextensions. So it is enough to prove the result when
is cyclic, in view of Galois theory.
I claim that if all but finitely many primes split completely, then we have . To see this, first note that complete splitting implies that
for
outside a finite set
of bad
‘s.
Now pick some idele . We can multiply it by
so that
has component near 1 at all
, because of the approximation theorem. Locally, any element of
close enough to 1 is a norm, because the norms form an open subgroup of finite index (which we have computed!). So if
is chosen appropriately,
will be a local norm at all
, and it is so at all
by complete splitting. So
.
We find in particular that , which means that
by the first inequality.
Corollary 2 The Artin map
is surjective for
an arbitrary abelian extension.
June 3, 2010 at 1:13 pm
[…] 2010 tags: ideal class groups, ideles by Akhil Mathew So, we have defined this thing called the Artin map on the ideals prime to some set of primes. But we really care about the ideles. There has to be […]